CEMENT | TYPES OF CEMENT

Types of cement

In addition to ordinary Portland cement there are many varieties of cement. Important varieties are briefly explained below:

1.    White Cement: The cement when made free from colouring oxides of iron, manganese, and chromium results into white cement. In the manufacture of this cement, the oil fuel is used instead of coal for burning. White cement is used for the floor finishes, plastering, ornamental works etc. In swimming pools white cement is used to replace glazed tiles. It is used for fixing marbles and glazed tiles.

2 .    Coloured Cement: The cements of desired colours are produced by intimately mixing pigments with ordinary cement. The chromium oxide gives green colour. Cobalt produce blue colour. Iron oxide with different proportion produce brown, red or yellow colour. Addition of manganese dioxide gives black or brown coloured cement. These cements are used for giving finishing touches to floors, walls, window sills, roofs etc.

3 .    Quick Setting Cement: Quick setting cement is produced by reducing the percentage of gypsum and adding a small amount of aluminium sulphate during the manufacture of cement. Finer grinding also adds to quick setting property. This cement starts setting within 5 minutes after adding water and becomes hard mass within 30 minutes. This cement is used to lay concrete under static or slowly running water.

4 .       Rapid Hardening Cement: This cement can be produced by increasing lime content and burning at high temperature while manufacturing cement. Grinding to very fine is also necessary. Though the initial and final setting time of this cement is the same as that of Portland cement, it gains strength in early days. This property helps in earlier removal of form works and speed in construction activity.

5 .    Low Heat Cement: In mass concrete works like construction of dams, heat produced due to hydration of cement will not get dispersed easily. This may give rise to cracks. Hence in such constructions it is preferable to use low heat cement. This cement contains low percentage (5%) of tricalcium aluminate (C₃A) and higher percentage (46%) of dicalcium silicate (C₂S).

6  .    Pozzolana Cement: Pozzolana is a volcanic power found in Italy. It can be processed from shales and certain types of clay also. In this cement pozzolana material is 10 to 30 per cent. It can resist action of sulphate. It releases less heat during setting. It imparts higher degree of water tightness. Its tensile strength is high but compressive strength is low. It is used for mass concrete works. It is also used in sewage line works.

7  .      Expanding Cement: This cement expands as it sets. This property is achieved by adding expanding medium like sulpho aluminate and a stabilizing agent to ordinary cement. This is

used for construction of water retaining structures and repairing the cracks in damaged concrete surfaces.

8  .    High Alumina Cement: It is manufactured by calcining a mixture of lime and bauxite. It is more resistant to sulphate and acid attack. It develops almost full strength within 24 hours of adding water. It is used for under water works.

9  .    Blast Furnace Cement: In the manufacture of pig iron, slag comes out as a waste product. By grinding clinkers of cement with about 60 to 65 per cent of slag, this cement is produced. The properties of this cement are more or less same as ordinary cement, but it is cheap, since it utilise waste product. This cement is durable but it gains the strength slowly and hence needs longer period of curing.

10 .   Acid Resistant Cement: This cement is produced by adding acid resistant aggregates such as quartz, quartzite etc. with aqueous solution of sodium silicate or soluble glass. Sodium fluosilicate is added to accelerate the hardening process. This cement has good resistance to action of acid and water. It is commonly used in the construction of chemical factories.

11 .   Sulphate Resistant Cement: By keeping the percentage of tricalcium aluminate C₃A below five per cent in ordinary cement this cement is produced. It is used in the construction of structures which are likely to be damaged by alkaline conditions. Examples of such structures are canals, culverts, foundations and basements, marine structures etc.

12  .    Fly Ash Blended Cement: Fly ash is a by-product in thermal stations. The particles of fly ash are very minute and they fly in the air, creating air pollution problems. It is found that one of the best ways to dispose fly ash is to mix it with cement in controlled condition. 20 to 30% fly ash is used for blending. Fly ash blended cements have superior quality of resistance to weathering action. The ultimate strength gained is the same as that with ordinary Portland cement. However strength gained in the initial stage is slow.

13 .   Hydrophobic cement: This type of cement contains hydrophobic admixtures like acidol, naphthenesoap etc. which decreases the wetting ability of cement grains. These substances form a thin film around the cement grains and prevent the interaction of water. This cement is used for water resistance and frost resistance structures.




**civil engineering notes for bput students.